The Behaviour of Matter - Diffusion

Aim

To observe diffusion in a liquid.

Equipment

-250 ml Beaker

-Water Hot and Cold

-Tweezers

-A crystal of potassium permanganate

-Straw

Method

-Half fill your 250 ml beaker with cold water.

-Place the 250 ml beaker on your workbench and allow to become settled.

-Using the tweezers, place a single crystal of potassium permanganate in the bottom centre of the beaker using a straw.

-Observe for 5 minutes

-Repeat the experiment using hot water.

Results

 -Hot

-Cold

Discussion

-The particles in the hot water cause it to move more causing it to move apart eachother faster rather than the cold water.

Investigating State Changes (Matter)

Aim

To observe waster as it changes state from solid to liquid and then to a gas.

Equipment

-A 250 mL beaker.
-Thermometer.

-Bunsen burner.

-Heatproof mat.

-Tripod.

-Gauze mat.

-Stopwatch.

-Retort Stand.

-Clamp.

-Ice cube.

Method

-Collect enough ice so that your beaker is half full and place the thermometer into it while you set up the rest of the equipment.

-Set up the retort stand and clamp alongside the tripod and gauze mat.

-Place the beaker of ice on the gauze mat and gently clamp the thermometer so that it is held upright and the scale is easy to see. The bottom of your thermometer should be low enough to still be covered by water when the ice melts, but not touching the bottom of the beaker.

-Record the initial temperature of the ice in the data table.

-Light the Bunsen burner and start timing with the stopwatch.

-Measure and record the temperature every minute.

-Continue measuring and recording the temperature until the water has been boiling for 2-3 minutes.

Results

Time (min)	Temp (°C)
0	0°
1	6°
2	19°
3	29°

Discussion

Using the word particles and energy explain why the ice melts.

When the heat is added, the particles vibrate so much that they break away. When more of the heat is added the heat's energy it slowly melts the ice away.`

Dissolving Solution

Aim

To investigate the solubility of Calcium Chloride and Magnesium Oxide to see which is the most soluble in water.

Equipment

-A 250ml Beaker

-100ml Measuring Cylinder

-Calcium Chloride

-Magnesium Oxide

-A Stirring Rod

-A Spatula

Method

-Fill the Beaker with 100ml of tap water

-Add a bit Calcium Chloride by using a Spatula

-Stir the solution until all of the Calcium Chloride has dissolved

-Repeat steps 2 and 3 until no more Calcium Chloride will dissolve into the solution

-Records with how many Calcium Chloride you added with the spatula.
-Repeats the experiment, with Magnesium Oxide

Results

Solute

-Calcium Chloride-2

-Magnesium Oxide-6

Discussion 

-It took really long to dissolve Calcium Chloride.

-It took less time to dissolve magnesium Oxide and more to dissolve.

Chromatography-Separating a Mixture of Coloured Compounds

Aim

To separate the different pigments in inks or dyes using paper chromatography.

Equipment

-Inks (From Ballpoint pens)

-Marker Pens or Food Colouring 

-250 ml Beaker

-Strip of Filter Paper 

-Scissors 

-Adhesive Tape

-Pencil or Ice-Block Stick

Method

-Cut a strip of filter paper that is long enough to reach the bottom of your beaker and able to wrap around your pencil or ice-block stick.

-Rule a line in pencil approximately 2 cm from the bottom of your piece of paper.

-Fill your beaker with enough chromatography solution to fill your beaker to a depth of 1 cm.

-Place a dot of ink above the ruled line on your filter paper. You need to produce a concentrated dot of ink so repeated applications may be necessary.

-Suspend the strip of Paper from the pencil or stick. You may need to use adhesive tape to stop it from falling into the solution.

-Wai to see what happens. It is important that you do not disturb the beaker. If the solution comes in contact with the ink dot, the ink will run down into the solution, rather than move up the filter paper.

Discussion

-The water ran up the filter paper causing the ink to run up as well.

Outline the origin of the term chromatography

Chromatography (Chroma - Greek for 'colour' and the word biography meaning 'words' or 'pictures')

Describe the type of mixtures that chromatography can separate

Inks and Dyes.

Explain why the pigments separate

The pigments separate because they have different solubilities in a solvent.